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Your Brain’s Built-In Biases Insulate Your Beliefs From Contradictory Facts
Have "students debate ideas from the side that they personally disagree with. This tactic tends to lead to deeper understanding of the issues and makes them question their beliefs."

Gaslighting: A manipulation tactic to gain power by attacking a person's sense of reality.

11 Red Flags of Gaslighting (psychologytoday.com)
The term "gaslighting" comes from the the movie "Gaslight," in which a man manipulates his wife into thinking she is losing her mind.
Gaslighting is a slow form of brainwashing that makes a victim question their reality.
Typical gaslighting techniques include denying something when there's proof, projecting onto others, and telling blatant lies.

A false dilemma, also referred to as false dichotomy, is an informal fallacy based on a premise that erroneously limits what options are available.

Either this OR that, no spectrum, curve, or variations allowed.

A: I'm not old! B: Only old people say that.
A: You're wrong. B: You're just saying that because you know I'm right and it scares you.
A: You're wrong. B: If I'm so wrong, why are you trying so hard to convince me I'm wrong, hmmm?

False Dilemmas, Absolutes, & Authorities
Either X is always right or X is always wrong.
If X is not 100% right, then X is 100% wrong.

Examples:

The argument is only as good as the authority of the arguer.
You cannot separate the argument from the arguer.
If the person is a criminal they can do no good.
If the person is a saint they can do no wrong.
If you don't know anything about X, nothing you say about X can be correct.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Belief
"Much of epistemology revolves around questions about when and how our beliefs are justified or qualify as knowledge."
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Fallacies

Name calling: Easiest and sleaziest form of debate.

Food for thought: Beliefs are templates, like stereotypes, that the brain uses to conserve energy.

What Actually Is a Belief? And Why Is It So Hard to Change? (psychologytoday.com)
"Beliefs evolved as energy-saving shortcuts...."
Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds and Beliefs are so Hard to Change? (research.com)
"... we’re hard-wired to feel great about standing our ground."
Elizabeth Kolbert's Article: Why Facts Don T Change Our Minds
" As a rule, strong feelings about issues do not emerge from deep understanding,” Sloman and Fernbach write. "
Facts Don’t Change People’s Minds. Here’s What Does
"When we have to choose between the two, people often select friends and family over facts...Convincing someone to change their mind is really the process of convincing them to change their tribe."

“The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what is laid before him.” -Leo Tolstoy

PSYC 101 You cannot change beliefs with facts when those beliefs are not based on facts.
Circular thinking- I think I am right because I think I am right.
Emotional instead of logical reasoning: "The more you try to convince me I am wrong, the more I know I am right."
Self-inoculating belief: The harder you try to convince me that the people I love and respect (and their arguments) are wrong, the more it proves you (and your arguments) are not to be trusted.
Inoculation theory (wikipedia.org)
Why facts don't change our minds

Shorter FLICC from John Cook

Image Source: 5 Characteristics of Science Denial (commons.wikimedia.org)
QUOTE Source: FLICC: The Five Characteristcs of Science Denial | Vol. 2 / No. 45.1
"John Cook... explains what he calls the Five Characteristics of Science Denial. You can remember them with the acronym “FLICC,” and they stand for Fake Experts, Logical Fallacies, Impossible Expectations, Cherry Picking, and Conspiracy Theories."

News Literacy: News Views & Fact Checking Resources: Logic Traps