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Libretexts: Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0.

Lumen Learning CC BY: Attribution.

Introduction to Business (lumenlearning.com) (OER: CC BY: Attribution) Mentions of dogs.
Student Resources: Salty Pawz Case-Study Information - uses a business making dog treats as an example.
Introduction to Psychology (lumenlearning.com) (OER: CC BY: Attribution) Mentions of dogs.

OER: Minnesota Veterinary Anatomy Courseware Web Site

* Minnesota Veterinary Anatomy Courseware Web Site Supported by University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine which offers this courseware freely to the international community
Canine Planar Anatomy Cadaver Slabs
Canine Spinal Cord
Carnivore Anatomy Courseware
Nociception I: Overview of Pain: Cats & Dogs
Veterinary Anatomy Content Map
Veterinary Developmental Anatomy
Veterinary Neurobiology Courseware
Veterinary Planar Anatomy

Open Textbooks

* Opentext CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

* *Principles of Learning and Behavior 2nd edition https://opentext.wsu.edu/principles-of-learning-and-behavior/wp-content/uploads/sites/93/2019/04/Principles-of-Learning-and-Behavior-2nd-Edition.pdf
Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike
Module 1: Towards a Theory of Learning
Module 2: Research Methods in Learning and Behavior
Module 4: Respondent Conditioning
Module 6: Operant Conditioning
Module 7: Applications of Operant Conditioning
Module 10: Complimentary Cognitive Processes – Sensation (and Perception)
Module 13: Complementary Cognitive Processes – Learning Concepts

Public Domain: Does not have any copyright restrictions

Public Domain makes these easy to share. No copyright, but best practices still means citation or attribution for borrowed content.

Dog Stories:

A thorough-bred mongrel; the tale of a dog, told by a dog to lovers of dogs, (1901) (loc.gov)
Audio: Coffee Break Collection 29 - Dogs
Dog Stories from the "Spectator" (1895) by John St. Loe Stracheyn (Project Gutenberg)
Earth's Gone to the Dogs! (1954) by William J. McClellann (Project Gutenberg) No copyright renewal found for this period before copyrights were increased in duration.
Landseer's Dogs and Their Stories(1877) by Sarah Tytlern (Project Gutenberg)
Rab and his friends, and other stories of dogs. (1901) (loc.gov)
The story of five dogs (1917) (loc.gov)
War Dogs of the World War by John I. Andersonn (Project Gutenberg)

Wikis: Crowd Sourced - Mostly OER - Have disclaimers stating "no claim of accuracy"

* Wikimedia & Wikipedia: Terms of Use
You are free to:
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Text contributed is available for reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License -Where not otherwise noted, non-text media files are available under various free culture licenses. Please view the media description page for details about the license of any specific media file.
https://en.wikivet.net/WikiVet_English:Terms_of_Service
*Wikipedia:General disclaimer
WIKIPEDIA MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF VALIDITY
Aging in dogs (wikipedia.org)
Body language of dogs (wikipedia.org)
Canidae (from Latin "canis" meaning dog) (wikipedia.org)
Category:Canines (wikipedia.org)
Category:Dog (wikivet.net)
Category:Dog body language (wikimedia.org/)
Clicker training (wikipedia.org)
Dog (.wikipedia.org)
Dog anatomy (wikipedia.org)
Dog breeding (wikipedia.org)
List of dog breeds (wikipedia.org)
Musculoskeletal System Overview - Anatomy & Physiology (wikivet.net)

Body Language of Dogs (Wikipedia 1/20/2022)

canine anatomy & physiology

1.1: What is Physiology? (med.libretexts.org) (Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA )
Physiology is a study of how animal form or structure and function sustain life and shape responses to environmental conditions.
A Digital Atlas of the Dog Brain (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)) Copyright/Permission Statement © 2012 Datta et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Book: Introductory Animal Physiology (Hinić-Frlog) (med.libretexts.org) (Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA )
GENETICS: DOG COAT COLOR Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) except as noted)
The Endocrine Glands in The Dog (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
The Lymphatic System of the Dog (OER: Creative Commons Attribution Share-alike (CC BY-SA))
Veterinary Anatomical Illustrations: (Der Hund = the Dog) No known copyright

canine health and wellness

"Can My Dog Eat Human Food?" 2019 (OER: Creative Commons Attribution No Derivatives) You can make multiple copies and distribute to students, but only as is, no editing.
* Musical Dogs: A Review of the Influence of Auditory Enrichment on Canine Health and Behavior (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)) © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Recommended Citation Lindig, A.M.; McGreevy, P.D.; Crean, A.J. Musical Dogs: A Review of the Influence of Auditory Enrichment on Canine Health and Behavior. Animals 2020, 10, 127. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010127
* Sporting Dogs: Their Points and Management in Health and Disease (1904) by Barton (Project Gutenberg - Public Domain)
Approaches to dog health education programs (Open Access) S. E. Constable, R. M. Dixon, R. J. Dixon, J.-A. Toribio, Approaches to dog health education programs in Australian rural and remote Indigenous communities: four case studies, Health Promotion International, Volume 28, Issue 3, September 2013, Pages 322–332, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/das013
Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs (Open Access) Open Access Publication Recommended Citation Song, Se Jin; Lauber, Christian; Costello, Elizabeth K.; Lozupone, Catherine A.; Humphrey, Gregory; Caporaso, J Gregory; Knights, Dan; Clemente, Jose C.; Nakielny, Sara; Gordon, Jeffrey I.; Fierer, Noah; Knight, Rob; and Berg-Lyons, Donna, ,"Cohabiting family members share microbiota with one another and with their dogs." Elife. 2,. 1-22. (2013). https://digitalcommons.wustl.edu/open_access_pubs/1634
Scrotal Castration as a Safe and Effective Means of Male Canine Sterilization (Open Access) Recommended Citation Woodruff, Kimberly A., "Scrotal Castration as a Safe and Effective Means of Male Canine Sterilization" (2013). Theses and Dissertations. 3870. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/3870
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A reduced incidence in self trauma was associated with scrotal castrations.
Safety of Dietary Supplements for Horses, Dogs, and Cats (4 pages - summary) (nap.edu) (OER-like Make and distribute multiple copies but only as-in, no editing)
"Permission granted to reproduce this brief in its entirety with no additions or alterations."
Shelter Animal Physical Health (OER: Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial NoDerivatives) Mentions of dogs.

common illnesses in canines

Anxiety Disorders in Dogs (OER: Creative Commons Attribution Share-alike (CC BY-SA))
Canine Parvovirus Type 2: Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is characterized by intestinal hemorrhage with severe bloody diarrhea. (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
Can My Dog Eat Human Food? (OER-like Make and distribute multiple copies but only as-in, no editing)
Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome in Senior Dogs (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
Dermatology in Dogs and Cats (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
Endoparasites with Zoonotic Potential in Domesticated Dogs (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
Multiple Myeloma in Horses, Dogs and Cats a Comparative Review Focused On Clinical Signs and Pathogenesis (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
Periodontal Disease in Dogs (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
Prevalence of Disorders Recorded in Dogs Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in England (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)) Copyright: © 2014 O′Neill et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Recommended Citation O′Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC (2014) Prevalence of Disorders Recorded in Dogs Attending Primary-Care Veterinary Practices in England. PLoS ONE 9(3): e90501. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090501

dog breeds

* All About Dogs: A Book for Doggy People (1901) by Charles Henry Lane (gutenberg.org)
* Artificial Insemination in Dogs (OER: (CC BY-SA))
* Dogs and All about Them (2004) by Robert Leighton (Public Domain) This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
* My Dog IS My Homework: Exploring Canine Genetics to Understand Genotype-Phenotype Relationships (OER: (CC BY-NC-SA))
* Phylogenetic tree of Life (bio.libretexts.org) (OER: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) "A “tree of life” can be constructed to illustrate when different organisms evolved and to show the relationships among different organisms." Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0
32 Popular Dog Breeds for Children and Families (Open Access)
AUDIO: Dogs and All About Them (Open Access)
Current Dog Breeding Practices Impacts on Health and Preservation of Purebred Dogs (Open Access) This Senior Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Recommended Citation Baker, Bridget E., "Current Dog Breeding Practices Impacts on Health and Preservation of Purebred Dogs" (2020). Honors Theses and Capstones. 522. https://scholars.unh.edu/honors/522
Dog Movie Stars and Dog Breed Popularity: A Case Study in Media Influence on Choice (Open Access) Recommended Citation Ghirlanda, S., Acerbi, A., & Herzog, H. (2014). Dog Movie Stars and Dog Breed Popularity: A Case Study in Media Influence on Choice.
Fashion vs. Function in Cultural Evolution: The Case of Dog Breed Popularity (Open Access) Recommended Citation Ghirlanda S, Acerbi A, Herzog H, Serpell JA (2013) Fashion vs. Function in Cultural Evolution: The Case of Dog Breed Popularity. PLoS ONE 8(9): e74770. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074770
A new dataset of dog breed images and a benchmark for fine-grained classification (Open Access) This Research Article is brought to you for free and open access by Tsinghua University Press: Journals Publishing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Computational Visual Media by an authorized editor of Tsinghua University Press: Journals Publishing Recommended Citation Ding-Nan Zou, Song-Hai Zhang, Tai-Jiang Mu et al. A new dataset of dog breed images and a benchmark for fine-grained classification. Computational Visual Media 2020, 6(4): 477-487.
Pet Dog: Pros and Cons (Open Access)
Prevailing Clusters of Canine Behavioural Traits in Historical US Demand for Dog Breeds (1926–2005) (Open Access) Open Access Article Recommended Citation Wilson, B.; Serpell, J.; Herzog, H.; McGreevy, P. Prevailing Clusters of Canine Behavioural Traits in Historical US Demand for Dog Breeds (1926–2005). Animals 2018, 8, 197. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110197
THE USE OF HEALTH DATABASES AND SELECTIVE BREEDING (Open Access)
A Guide for Dog and Cat Breeders and Owners

Animal Behavior Associates

Behavior Articles (OER-like: Use freely with attribution)

Articles written by Daniel Estep, Ph.D. and Suzanne Hetts, Ph.D. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorists. They were first published in the Rocky Mountain News, Denver, CO. Any reproduction of or quotation from any of these articles must cite both the authors and the Rocky Mountain News.

OPEN ACCESS: Veterinary Merck Manuals

MERCK MANUAL Veterinary Manual (Open Access)
Request permission to reuse content from the Merck Manuals merckmanualpermissions(at)merck.com
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provide the following information:
Title of material you wish to borrow. Please include the link to the page on which the material is found
Information about the planned reuse, including the type of publication and the distribution.

canine body language

Dogs’ Body Language Relevant to Learning Achievement (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
THESIS chapter 3.4.1 Dog-Human Communication (Open Access) From CORE Open Access Database. https://core.ac.uk/display/199214791 The Social Cognition of Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris ...https://core.ac.uk › download › pdf by HK Worsley · 2018

Dr Sophia Yin - (OER-like: Free Downloads To Share for Free)

Free Downloads: Posters, Handouts, and More! (drsophiayin.com)

Dr. Yin free downloads

canine development stages

Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in dogs of different sizes (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)) OPEN ACCESS Recommended citation Salt C, Morris PJ, German AJ, Wilson D, Lund EM, Cole TJ, et al. (2017) Growth standard charts for monitoring bodyweight in dogs of different sizes. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0182064. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182064
How Old Is My Dog? Identification of Rational Age Groupings in Pet Dogs Based Upon Normative Age-Linked Processes (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)) This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Lifespan development of attentiveness in domestic dogs: drawing parallels with humans (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)) This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

canine emergency situations

*Rescuing Rover: A First Aid and Disaster Guide for Dog Owners (Open Access)
Canine dystocia in 50 UK first-opinion emergency care veterinary practices: clinical management and outcomes (OER: CC BY-NC 4.0) This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, an indication of whether changes were made, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. Recommended Citation O’Neill, D. G., O’Sullivan, A. M., Manson, E. A., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., Boag, A. K., & Brodbelt, D. C. (2019). Canine dystocia in 50 UK first-opinion emergency care veterinary practices: clinical management and outcomes. Veterinary Record, vetrec-2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104944
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difficult birth, typically caused by a large or awkwardly positioned fetus, by smallness of the maternal pelvis, or by failure of the uterus and cervix to contract and expand normally.
General Instructions for Canine Trauma Combat Casualty (jts.amedd.army.mil) (Open Access)
General Instructions for Canine Treatment and Resuscitation (/jts.amedd.army.mil) (Open Access)
TRANSFUSION FOR THE MILITARY WORKING DOG (/jts.amedd.army.mil) (Open Access)

Dog Training

* Current perspectives on attachment and bonding in the dog–human dyad (OER: Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial) This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. Recommended Citation Payne, E., Bennett, P. C., & McGreevy, P. D. (2015). Current perspectives on attachment and bonding in the dog-human dyad. Psychology research and behavior management, 8, 71–79. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S74972
* Examining Obedience Training as a Physical Activity Intervention for Dog Owners: Findings from the Stealth Pet Obedience Training (SPOT) Pilot Study (OER: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.) Open Access. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Potter, Katie; Masteller, Brittany; and Balzer, Laura B., "Examining Obedience Training as a Physical Activity Intervention for Dog Owners: Findings from the Stealth Pet Obedience Training (SPOT) Pilot Study" (2021). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 588. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030902
* Haney's Art of Training Animals (1869) by W. H. Burroughs: DOGS IN GENERAL—WATCH DOGS—THE SHEPHERD’S DOG.n (Project Gutenberg - no copyright protections)
* Raising an Assistance Dog Puppy—Stakeholder Perspectives on What Helps and What Hinders (OER: Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY))
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OER: Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Factors associated with success in guide dog training (Open Access) Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license Recommended Citation Batt, L. S., Batt, M. S., Baguley, J. A., & McGreevy, P. D. (2008). Factors associated with success in guide dog training. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 3(4), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.04.003
Resurgence in Dogs (Open Access) Resurgence (old habits coming back) recurrence of original problematic behavior Open Access Recommended Citation Jones, Monica, "Resurgence in Dogs" (2020). All NMU Master's Theses. 650. https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/650
Teaching Safe Dog-Greeting Skills with Parents and Children (Open Access) his Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Master’s in Applied Behavior Analysis and Clinical Science at Rollins Scholarship Online. It has been accepted for inclusion in Thesis Projects by an authorized administrator of Rollins Scholarship Online. For more information, please contact rwalton@rollins.edu.Recommended Citation Torres, Ashley, "Teaching Safe Dog-Greeting Skills with Parents and Children" (2020). Thesis Projects. 21. https://scholarship.rollins.edu/mabacs_thesis/21

Dog-Owner or Dog-Trainer - Training

* Just a Dog: Understanding Animal Cruelty and Ourselves Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (Open Access: CC BY-NC-ND)
Benefit of Animal-assisted Therapy Programs in Prison (Open Access)
Dog Owner's Guide (Open Access)
To hand out articles to class, first send E-mail to reprints3 (at) canismajor.com and "tell us what article (page) you want to use. We'll reply, with one or two things we'd like you to include on the page to keep the copyright intact, give proper credit, etc. This not only gives you a record that we gave permission but also tells us what interests folks so we can keep improving this site."
Expectations for dog ownership: Perceived physical, mental and psychosocial health consequences among prospective adopters (Open Access) Open access article Recommended Citation Powell L, Chia D, McGreevy P, Podberscek AL, Edwards KM, Neilly B, et al. (2018) Expectations for dog ownership: Perceived physical, mental and psychosocial health consequences among prospective adopters. PLoS ONE 13(7): e0200276. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0200276
How dogs perceive humans and how humans should treat their pet dogs: Linking cognition with ethics (Open Access)
Human-Canine Relationships: Dog Behavior and Owner Perceptions (Open Access)
[Thesis] PRISON DOG TRAINING PROGRAMS LINKED TO POSITIVE PRISON SOCIAL CLIMATE TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2021
How to train dogs.

Therapy Dogs

* Transforming Trauma: Resilience and Healing Through Our Connections With Animals (OER: CC-BY-NC) This book is made available available Open Access (CC-BY-NC) thanks to the support of over 200 libraries working together as part of the Knowledge Unlatched collaborative, www.knowledgeunlatched.org Recommended Citation Tedeschi, Philip, and Jenkins, Molly Anne, Transforming Trauma: Resilience and Healing Through Our Connections With Animals. (2019). Purdue University Press. (Knowledge Unlatched Open Access Edition.)
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• Chapter 1 The Impact of Human-Animal Interaction in Trauma
• Chapter 2 Advocacy and Rethinking Our Relationships With Animals: Ethical Responsibilities and Competencies in Animal-Assisted
• Chapter 3 Clinical Objectives for Animal-Assisted Interventions: Physiological and Psychological Targets in Trauma-Informed Practice
• Chapter 4 Implications of Animal-Assisted Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Developmental Trauma Through the Lens of Interpersonal
• Chapter 5 The Power of Play and Animals: Animal Assisted Play Therapy as an Integrative Practice Model for Mental Health Treatment
• Chapter 6 Children and Animals: The Importance of Human-Other Animal Relationships in Fostering Resilience in Children
• Chapter 7 The Healing Power of Nature: The Impact of Interventions in Farm Settings
• Chapter 8 Horses in the Treatment of Trauma
• Chapter 9 Why the Dog?
• Chapter 10 Animals in Action: Therapeutic Roles in Healing Military Trauma
• Chapter 11 The Battle for Hearts and Minds: Warrior Canine Connection’s Mission-Based Trauma Recovery Program
• Chapter 12 Animal-Assisted Crisis Response: Offering Opportunity for Human Resiliency During and After Traumatic Incidents
• Chapter 13 Loss, Grief, and Bereavement in the Context of Human-Animal Relationships
• Chapter 14 The Global and Cross-Cultural Reach of Trauma-Informed Animal-Assisted Interventions
Canine-assisted therapy: The impact of service dog partnership on symptoms of PTSD in veterans (Open Access) This Open Access Senior Honors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College at DigitalCommons@EMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Theses & Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@EMU. For more information, please contact lib-ir@emich.edu. Recommended citation Ankenbauer, Katherine, "Canine-assisted therapy: The impact of service dog partnership on symptoms of PTSD in veterans" (2018). Senior Honors Theses & Projects. 611. https://commons.emich.edu/honors/611
Exploring the Effects Service Dogs Have on Veterans with PTSD (Open Access) Open Access Recommended Citation Reeves, Shelby E., "Exploring the Effects Service Dogs Have on Veterans with PTSD" (2020). Honors Undergraduate Theses. 815. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/honorstheses/815
The Physiological Effects of Therapy Dogs During Exercise for Sedentary Adults (Open Access) Open Access Recommended Citation Mazzone, Josie Lynne, "The Physiological Effects of Therapy Dogs During Exercise for Sedentary Adults" (2021). All NMU Master's Theses. 657. https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/657
Therapeutic Benefits of Certified Canines for Veterans with War-Related Trauma Disorders (Open Access) Honors Thesis-Open Access Recommended Citation Lauren, Smith, "Therapeutic Benefits of Certified Canines for Veterans with War-Related Trauma Disorders" (2017). Honors Theses. 2812. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/honors_theses/2812
* Guide Dog Training (OER-like: Copies of these materials may be freely reproduced for teacher and classroom use with attribution.)
More Open Access and OER resources for Dog Owners and Trainers

Khan Academy (Open Access - Contents copyright protected)

Khan Academy : Dog behavior posts (Open Access) Downloadable Content, in object code form, on devices owned or controlled by you,solely for your personal, non-commercial purposes. You agree not to (i) modify or create derivative works of the Downloadable Content (ii) remove, disable, circumvent or otherwise create or implement any workaround to any copy protection, rights management, technical limitations or security features in or protecting the Downloadable Content, and (iii) remove any copyright and other proprietary notices.
Animal communication
Evolution: Natural selection and human selection article
Innate behaviors
Intro to animal behavior
Learned behaviors
Learned behaviors
Species & speciation

Vet Tech: Veterinary Technician: Dog-specific

OA vs OER